The Relationship Between British Settlers And The Native...

The emerging history of North America, we could say, is the mixture of cultures between the Native American Indians’ and the colonial powers’ in Europe like Britain, culture which has been born out of the prolonged interactions between these 2 weirdly mixed cultures. This remarks an important fact as these two cultures were so much differ from each other in almost every aspect. And in this essay, I shall discuss more about the interactions between British settlers and The Native Indians and how they perceive one another. The key to understand the interactions between the two is to have a look at the emergence of the first settlement of English people in America called â€Å"Jamestown†. Jamestown was originally being born out of the British attempt to discover the New World in order to sustain its state of competence with other colonial power competitors like Spain. Therefore, Jamestown is basically the town that has been built upon British attempt in attaining we alth and power from alternative sources of land. However, their preparation in coming to conquest the land is rather poor. It was an all-male group, consisted of noble men who didn’t know how to get the job done, which Smith described as â€Å"ingenious verbalous and incapable of hacking in the new land.† Such lack of great preparation would eventually result in the initiation of interactions of British settlers and Native American Indians afterwards, as British needed them in order to survive. During the firstShow MoreRelatedNative Americans And The New World1308 Words   |  6 PagesWorld† was already inhabited by many groups of Native Americans, who had been established on the continent for thousands of years. At first, the two ethnic groups lived in relative peace. The colonists of Jamestown survived due to Powhatan’s tribe teaching them how to cultivate the land. However, things took a twisted turn as the colonists grew greedy. Due to cultural differ ences, there was stark tension between the Indian groups and European settlers in New England prior to 1750, which tremendouslyRead MoreEssay Early European Exploration1055 Words   |  5 PagesTheir neighbors in this new land were the Native Americans who had been there for centuries, virtually unaware of life outside the continent. Thus began an inconsistent and often times unstable relationship between the European settlers and the North American Indians. Two nations who had particularly interesting relationships with the Native Americans were the British and the French, both of whom took different approaches to their relations with the Indians economically as well as culturally. NeitherRead MoreThe Royal Proclamation Of 17631336 Words   |  6 Pagesits territories in North America which were to be taken over by the British government. This paper looks at the various boundaries that took effect with the implementation of the royal proclamation, along with the rules that were accompanied. Background The seven year took place from the year 1756 to 1763. The participants were the main superpowers in Europe that existed at that time. In North America, the main struggle was between Britain and France over the areas that they considered their territoriesRead MoreSource Analysis Us History Essay989 Words   |  4 PagesRace of White Men Come Amongst Us†: Native American Views as British Replace the French in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 1765 2.) Answer the following questions based on a reading of the above document and material from your textbook. -------------------------------------------- 1.) TYPE OF DOCUMENT: Is this a primary or a secondary source? -Primary 2.) DATE(S) OF DOCUMENT: When was this document created? -It was created shortly after the British replaced the French in the Lower MississippiRead MoreThe Establishment Of The Original Thirteen British Colonies871 Words   |  4 PagesThe establishment of the original thirteen British colonies was not the first time that foreigners had reached the present-day powerhouse of a country, which is the United States of America. One example of Europeans in North America before the colonists was the French fur traders had frequently traded with the Native Americans. However, when the settlers arrived in the swamp studded marshes of James’ Town, which was the first colony, they must had been upset, as they were primarily after valuableRead MoreThe Royal Proclamation Of 17631398 Words   |  6 Pagesits territories in North America which were to be taken over by the British government. This paper looks at the various boundaries that took effect with the implementation of the royal proclamation, along with the rules that were accompanied. Background The seven year took place from the year 1756 to 1763. The participants were the main superpowers in Europe that existed at that time. In North America, the main struggle was between Britain and France over the areas that they considered their territoriesRead MoreNative Americans And Inuit From The American Arctic1337 Words   |  6 PagesEuropean explorers typically viewed Native Americans and Inuit (formerly called â€Å"Eskimo†) peoples as uncivilized savages who could be ignored, treated as curiosities, or manipulated to meet the goals of businessmen, clerics, scientists, or politicians. Civil interaction with native peoples was pursued only when it was critical to the success of European ventures such as procuring gold, silver, fur, and land. These exploitative or antagonistic relationships with native groups arose from ethnocentric attitudesRead MoreRelationship Between Native Americans And The British, French, Spanish, And Dutch1501 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes when two c ultures are put together, there is assimilation and anguish. This is shown by the Native Americans and the Europeans, when the latter came to the Americas in hope of land and wealth, which did not belong to them. The Europeans encountered great diversity when stepping foot into the Americas. Cultures of the Indians had them shocked; while they regarded them as â€Å"noble savages,† the Indians had a society much more complex than any European society. They had language, government, socialRead MoreRelationships Among The Natives And Europeans1070 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Relationships among the Natives and Europeans The stories regarding the Native Americans and European settlers all commence somewhat similar: the Natives welcome and help sustain the Europeans in the start. They become an instrumental piece to the European survival in the Americas. The relationship starts to change, however, as settlers grow independent. In some instances, when there is only personal gain to be acquired, the relationship becomes a simple trade relationship. In otherRead MoreA New World Developed Between The 16th And 18th Century1318 Words   |  6 Pages A new world developed between the 16th and 18th century focused on growing empires establishments of ‘power and profit’. Ogborn argues that through various types of global connections and the rise and fall of global powers, a global history was created. In particular, the exchange of goods and services by Britain and the English colonies was only obtainable through utilizing transportation. As a result, an advantageous Atlantic economy was forme d . Britain applied transportation as a method of

Career Planning Colorado State University Career Center

Career planning is essential to anyone who is looking to succeed in a particular career. According to Staffing the Contemporary Organization, â€Å"career planning is the provisional device that helps individuals establish and create a blueprint for their career goals† (Caruth, Caruth, Pane, 2009, Chapter 12). It is not set in stone and is up to the individual to create and follow. According to Planning and Managing Human Resources, â€Å"Career planning doesn’t offer solid guidance and is the exclusive responsibility of the individual† (Rothwell Kazanas, 2003, Chapter 10). I will be going over the resources available in the Career Center, identify and describe the results of the resources my wife used in creating her career plan and go over her projected career path. Colorado State University Career Center Resources The Colorado State University Career Center has many resources that are available to its students that will aid in choosing a career. The first resource I will go over that is in the Career Center is The Job Search portion. In the job search portion of the career center there are many links that will help a student in figuring out what is the students perfect job. Under that header are two links, the first one is a link that shows the student how an education will benefit the student in their career and the second link is a personal and career evaluation link that helps the student in figuring out what is most important to them and what they value most when itShow MoreRelatedBenefits And Reality Of Proper Job Searches790 Words   |  4 PagesIn the current era of technology, searching for jobs can be overwhelming, seeming daunting to anyone unprepared for the undertaking. It is imperative for an individual to evaluate what is wanted in a career, understand all avenues to explore in order to locate available jobs, create effective, accurate, and appealing resumes and cover letters, specific to each job to be applied for, and be prepared for successful interviews. Gaining these skills through educational methods has seemingly positiveRead MorePersonal Statement For The Long Term Care Community1369 Words   |  6 Pagesto recharge and prefer relationship (one-on-one) communication. Furthermore, my past experiences are used to deal with current conflicts and situations. In addition to, I am sensitive to people’s needs and tackle circumstances as it come without planning ahead (Poirer, n.d.). I am good at sensing people’s feeling and often express my concern as well as build relationships with my coworkers along the way. Furthermore, as a shift lead in my department, I have learned the importance of communicatingRead MoreMy Position And Responsibilities Of The Long Term Care Community1384 Words   |   6 Pagesin Healthcare Administration. In the near future, I plan to manage a healthcare facility in hospitals or long-term care. Pursuing a field in leadership is important to me. My passion in healthcare and customer service influence the reason behind my career choice. Additionally, the satisfaction of understanding that I can help a patient in many possible avenues tops the cake. The eight week course in applying leadership has provided myself and many others the tools and strategies to succeed as a leaderRead MoreInnovation Assessment Of Residence Life1662 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization I currently work for and have worked for in multiple capacities for the past two years is Residence Life at Colorado State. The school first opened its doors to students in 1879 and has grown to nearly 30,000 undergraduate students (The Story). Residence Life is a department of CSU that falls under Housing and Dining Services coordinated through the Palmer Center. The Director of Residence Life at CSU, Laura Giles, would be considered the CEO. There are many other important positionsRead MoreA Essay About A Career1561 Words   |  7 PagesA Career in the Making Truly, the Biblical Proverb that â€Å" where there is no vision, the people perish,† (King James Version, Proverbs 29.18), holds categorically true when it comes to evaluating and crafting a career. The laissez-faire approach to mapping out one’s professional life produces no certain results and while the tumultuous trail of time can toss even the best laid plans asunder, a roadmap, of sorts, must be crafted for an individual’s career if they intend to make purposeful, strategicRead MoreWhat Factors That Designers From Other Professions?1525 Words   |  7 Pageshighly experienced in many different levels of interior design from project management to programming to space planning to final decorative touches. Emily Hughes has a broad view on this profession from working in various locations including Phoenix, Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, Denver, Colorado, and Aspen, Colorado. She also spent some time managing a home furnishing store near Aspen, Colorado. Hughes explained, â€Å"working in all different environments has taught me how to work with different and uniqueRead MoreStatement of Purpose for a Career to Help People Achieve Overall Wellness1016 Words   |  4 Pageshelping people achieve greater overall wellness. My first and current semester as a Public Health student at the University of Colorado Denver, has allowed me to experience online graduate level courses. I have not only loved the online format, it has allowed me to maintain a full time job, while still completing courses with a good grade. If accepted into Des Moines University, I will focus my education on learning, not just completing the class, just as I had in my undergraduate courses andRead MoreEssay about The Guidance Counselor1062 Words   |  5 PagesThe Guidance Counselor INTRODUCTION According to the U. S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Outlook Handbook, Counselors are defined as persons who â€Å"assist people with personal, family, educational, mental health and career decisions and problems. Their duties depend on the individuals they serve and the settings in which they work† (169). Examples include Mental health counselors who help people cope with daily life issues such as marital, family, stress management, or addiction problemsRead MoreThe Story of My Life Essay635 Words   |  3 Pageswasn’t the best place to live, but we eventually moved to the hills, I don’t remember where though. It was an apartment that was somewhat close to San Lorenzo, it was in Hayward. The first school I went for Kindergarten was Community Christian Center (CSS) and continued all the way to 4th grade. That was the best time of my school year; I had a lot of friends there. My grandmother worked there for 1st and 2nd grade and I still remember when I was in her class. She was a Teacher’s assistant andRead MoreThe Final Objective In The Fys Syllabus Is The Ability1334 Words   |  6 Pagesand planning solutions. Vanderbilt University, a Nashville, Tennessee University founded in 1873, states that in order to evaluate metacognition teachers/professors must encourage students to examine their current thinking, allow students to identify their confusion, force students to recognize conceptual change, and provide a means for students to monitor their thinking (Chick). Montserrat’s FYS class was effective in fulfilling this objective since each student was allowed to freely state their

World Free Essays

Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs Report VOLUME I INDIA March 2003 Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs CHAIRMAN Dr. Justice V. S. We will write a custom essay sample on World or any similar topic only for you Order Now Malimath Formerly, Chief Justice of Karnataka and Kerala High Courts Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal Member, National Human Rights Commission Bangalore 560 052 MEMBERS S. Varadachary, IAS, (Retd. ) Bangalore 560 076 Amitabh Gupta, IPS, (Retd. ) Formerly, Director General of Police, RAjasthan Jaipur 302 015 Prof. (Dr. ) N. R. Madhava Menon Vice-Chancellor West Bengal National University Of Juridical Sciences Kolkatta 700 098 D. V. Subba Rao Advocate Chairman, Bar Council of India Vishakhapatnam MEMBER –SECRETARY Durgadas Gupta Joint Secretary Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India New Delhi 110 011 STAFF OF THE COMMITTEE Sri C. M. Basavarya Formerly, District Sessions Judge, Registrar Director of Training, High Court of Karnataka. Bangalore 560 094. Executive Director Sri K. Girither Inspector Central Reserve Police Force Personal Assistant Smt Binnu Menon Sub Inspector Central Reserve Police Force Stenographer Sri S. M. Reddy Asst. Sub-Inspector Central Reserve Police Force Clerk Sri V. Raja Constable Central Reserve Police Force Office Attender Sri M. K. Uthaiah Constable Central Reserve Police Force Office Attender Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System (Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs) 12/A Diagonal Road Vasanthanagar Bangalore 560 052 â€Å"Everything has been said already, but as no one listens, we must always begin again. † Andre Gide French thinker and writer CONTENTS PART – I FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Need for Reform of the Criminal Justice System Adversarial System Right to Silence Rights of the Accused Presumption of Innocence and Burden of Proof Justice to Victims 3 23 39 59 65 75 PART – II INVESTIGATION 7. Investigation 8. 87 Prosecution PROSECUTION 125 PART – III JUDICIARY 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Courts and Judges Trial Procedure Witness and Perjury Vacation for Court Arrears Eradication Scheme 133 145 151 157 163 PART – IV CRIME PUNISHMENT 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Offences, Sentences, Sentencing Compounding Reclassification of Offences Offences against Women Organised Crime Federal Law and Crimes Terrorism Economic Crimes 169 181 189 195 207 213 233 PART –V LOOKING AHEAD 21. 22. 23. Emerging Role of the Legal Profession Training – A Strategy for Reform Vision for Better Criminal Justice System 249 253 259 PART –VI RECOMMENDATIONS 24. Recommendations 265 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The nation is grateful to Sri. L. K. Advani, Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, for his vision for comprehensive reforms of the entire Criminal Justice System including the fundamental principles and the relevant laws. Hitherto, efforts were made to reform only certain set of laws, or one particular functionary of the system in piecemeal. This type of compartmental examination missed the vital focus on justice to victims and national concern for peace and security. The commitment made by him and his distinguished colleague Sri. Arun Jaitley, Minister for Law and Justice, to implement the reforms, once the Committee makes its recommendations, is a fitting answer to the cynics that the Report on Reforms of Criminal Justice System will be one more addition to the several earlier reports that are gathering dust in the Archives of the Government. The Committee is beholden to the then Chief Justice of India, Dr. A. S. Anand, for calling upon all the High Courts to provide all information and assistance the Committee needs. Our grateful thanks to former Chief Justice Sri. B. N. Kirpal for ensuring that all the High Courts send the reports sought by the Committee on the State of Health of Criminal Justice in their respective States. The Committee is grateful to Sri Justice V. N. Khare, the Chief Justice of India for avincing keen interest in the Committee’ work. s Justice P. V. Reddy, Judge Supreme Court, the then Chief Justice of Karnataka High Court, placed at the disposal of the Committee, the building for housing the Committee’ office in Bangalore. The Committee is grateful to him. s The Committee is grateful to all the State Governments, High Courts, Officers of the Police Departments, Prosecution Department, Law Departments and Home Department. Our sincere thanks to the Bar Association of India, New Delhi, the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research at Mumbai and Asian College of Journalism, The Hindu in Chennai for collaborating with our Committee in organising seminars on different topics and to the National Law Universities at Bangalore and Kolkatta for rendering whatever assistance the Committee needed from time to time. Our thanks to Sri. Shivcharan Mathur, former Chief Minister Rajasthan, Sri. Justice N. L. Tibrewal, former Chief Justice of Rajasthan, Justice Dave, Sri. Rajendrashekhar, former Director CBI and DGP Rajasthan, Sri. K. P. S. Gill, former DGP Punjab and Assam, Sri. Rajath Sharma, Media personality and Prof. P. D. Sharma for assisting the Committee in organising the seminar at Jaipur. Our sincere thanks to Chief Ministers, Ministers, Judges— present and former, distinguished lawyers, Police Officers, media personalities, politicians, social scientists, institutions and organisations and NGOs who have assisted the Committee in organising or participating in seminars, group discussions or meetings. A word of special gratitude to the respected Dr. R. Venkataraman, former President of India, Sri. Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, Vice-President of India, Former Chief Justices Ranganath Misra, Ahmadi and Kania, Justice Jagannatha Rao, Chairman, Law Commission of India, Justice Jayachandra Reddy, Chairman Press Council of India, Justice K. T. Thomas, Sri. Soli Sorabjee, Attorney General for India, Sri. Fali Nariman, President, Bar Association of India, Senior Counsel Dr. L. M. Singhvi, Sri. Venugopal, Sri. Shanti Bhushan, Sri. Dipankumar Gupta, Sri. V. R. Reddi, Sri. K. N. Bhat, Sri. C. S. Vaidyanathan, Sri Lalit Bhasin, Lord Goldsmith, Attorney General of England, Sri Badri Bahadur Karki, Attorney General of Nepal and experts from USA, Judge Kevin Burke, Mr. Robert Litt, Mr. Ranganath Manthripragada, Ms. Dianne Post from the USA and Mme Maryvonne Callebotte, Mr. Jean Luis Nadal, Mr. Roussin, Mme. Claude Nocquet and Mr. Lothion from France. The Committee appreciates the helpful gesture of the Governments of USA, France and UK in inviting the Committee to visit their States to acquaint the Committee with the functioning of their respective Criminal Justice Systems and the reforms they are undertaking. The Committee could not go to USA ad UK for want of time. The Chairman and Sri. D. V. Subba Rao could visit France. Our grateful thanks to USAID for bringing in four experts to Delhi to brief the Committee about the American System. The Committee would like to record its deep sense of appreciation for the excellent dedicated service of Sri. C. M. Basavarya rendered as Executive Director of the Committee. The Committee is thankful to the Director General of CRPF for lending the staff consisting of Inspector K. Girither, Sub-Inspectors Binnu Menon and G. Yamini Rekha, Asst. Sub Inspector S. M. Reddy, Constables V. Raja and M. K. Uthaiah to work for the Committee. The Committee records its appreciation and conveys its thanks to each one of them for excellent service and help to the Committee to complete its task on schedule. PART – I FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 2 3 NEED FOR REFORM OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM _ â€Å"Law should not sit limply, while those who defy it go free and those who seek its protection lose hope†. (Jennison v. Baker (1972) 1 All ER 997). COMMITTEE AND ITS WORK 1. 1. The Committee on Reforms of the Criminal Justice System was constituted by the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs by its order dated 24 November 2000, to consider measures for revamping the Criminal Justice System. (Annexure-1). The terms of reference for the Committee are: i. ii. iii. iv. v. To examine the fundamental principles of criminal jurisprudence, including the constitutional provisions relating to criminal jurisprudence and see if any modifications or amendments are required thereto; To examine in the light of findings on fundamental principles and aspects of criminal jurisprudence as to whether there is a need to re-write the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Indian Penal Code and the Indian Evidence Act to bring them in tune with the demand of the times and in harmony with the aspirations of the people of India; To make specific recommendations on simplifying judicial procedures and ractices and making the delivery of justice to the common man closer, faster, uncomplicated and inexpensive; To suggest ways and means of developing such synergy among the judiciary, the Prosecution and the Police as restores the confidence of the common man in the Criminal Justice System by protecting the innocent and the victim and by punishing unsparingly the guilty and the crimin al; To suggest sound system of managing, on professional lines, the pendency of cases at investigation and trial stages and making the Police, the Prosecution and the Judiciary accountable for delays in their respective domains; vi. To examine the feasibility of introducing the concept of â€Å"Federal Crime† which can be put on List I in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. 1. 2. The Committee was constituted under the Chairmanship of Justice V. S. Malimath, former Chief Justice of Karnataka and Kerala High Courts, Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal and Member of the Human Rights Commission. The other members of the Committee are Sri S. Varadachary, IAS (Retd), former Advisor, Planning Commission of India and Sri Amitabh Gupta, former Director General of Police, Rajasthan. Sri Durgadas Gupta, Joint Secretary (Judicial), Ministry of Home Affairs was made the Secretary. On the recommendation of the Committee Justice Sri T. S. Arunachalam, former Judge of Madras High Court and Prof. N. R. Madhava Menon, Vice-Chancellor, West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences were co-opted. Later, Justice Sri. T. S. Arunachalam tendered his resignation on personal grounds where-upon Sri D. V. Subba Rao, Advocate who also happens to be Chairman of the Bar Council of India was co-opted in his place. Sri Durgadas Gupta, Secretary of the Committee was made the Member Secretary of the Committee. Sri C. M. Basavarya, former District Judge and Registrar of the Karnataka High Court was appointed as Executive Director so that the Committee has the benefit of trial court experience in criminal matters. The term of the Committee, which was six months from the date of its first sitting, has been extended till 31 March 2003. Thus it may be noted that there is a wholesome combination of expertise of all the relevant fields — the Judiciary, the Bar, the Police, the legal academic and administrator. . 3. The notification constituting the Committee does not expressly state the reasons for constituting the Committee, obviously for the reason that they are too well-known. The statement in the notification that the Committee has been constituted â€Å"to consider measures for revamping the Criminal Justice System† implies that the Criminal Justice System is in such a very bad state as to call for revamping. A former Chief Justice of India warned about a decade ago that the Criminal Justice System in India was about to collapse. It is common knowledge that the two major problems It is common knowledge that the besieging the Criminal Justice System two major problems besieging the are huge pendency of criminal cases Criminal Justice System are huge and the inordinate delay in disposal of pendency of criminal cases and the criminal cases on the one hand and the inordinate delay in disposal of very low rate of conviction in cases criminal cases on the one hand and involving serious crimes on the other. the very low rate of conviction in This has encouraged crime. Violent and cases involving serious crimes on organised crimes have become the the other. order of the day. As chances of convictions are remote, crime has 5 become a profitable business. Life has become unsafe and people live in constant fear. Law and order situation has deteriorated and the citizens have lost confidence in the Criminal Justice System. 1. 4. The ultimate aim of criminal law is protection of right to personal liberty against invasion by others – protection of the weak against the strong law abiding against lawless, peaceful against the violent. To protect the rights of the citizens, the State prescribes the rules of conduct, sanctions for their violation, machinery to enforce sanctions and procedure to protect that machinery. It is utter selfishness, greed and intolerance that lead to deprivation of life, liberty and property of other citizens requiring the State to step in for protection of the citizens’ rights. James Madison writes in his book The Federalist that â€Å"if men were angels no government would be necessary†. It is the primary function of the government to protect the basic rights to life and property. The State has to give protection to persons against lawlessness, disorderly behaviour, violent acts and fraudulent deeds of others. Liberty cannot exist without protection of the basic rights of the citizens by the Government. 1. 5. This is the first time that the State has constituted such a Committee for a thorough and comprehensive review of the entire Criminal Justice System so that necessary and effective systematic reforms can be made to improve the health of the system. Prison administration is one of the functionaries of the Criminal Justice System. However, it does not fall within the mandate of the Committee. All the earlier initiatives were of a limited character to bring about reforms in the relevant laws, substantive and procedural laws, judicial reforms or police reforms. The Committee is required to take into account the recommendations made by the Law Commission of India, the Conference of Chief Ministers on Internal Security, the Report of Task Force on Internal security and Padmanabhaiah Committee Report on Police Reforms. 1. 6. The terms of reference are very wide and comprehensive. They require the Committee to examine the fundamental principles of criminal jurisprudence and relevant constitutional provisions and to suggest if any modifications or amendments are needed. If, on such review the Committee finds that any amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Indian Penal Code or the Indian Evidence Act are necessary to bring them in tune with the demands of time and the aspirations of the people, it can make necessary recommendations. The Committee is not called upon to take up a general review of all these three statutes. The mandate of the Committee is limited o recommending only such amendments to these statutes as may be necessary in the light of its findings on review of the fundamental principles of criminal jurisprudence. Therefore, the Committee has not undertaken any general review of these Statutes. 6 1. 7. The well recognised fundamental principles of criminal jurisprudence are ‘ presumption of innocence and right to silence of the accu sed’ ‘ , burden of proof on the Prosecution’ and the ‘ right to fair trial’ Examination of . ‘ Adversarial System’ followed in India being an aspect of the concept of ‘ fair rial’ falls within the purview of the Committee. Simplifying judicial procedures and practices, bringing about synergy among the judiciary, Simplifying judicial procedures the Prosecution and Police, making and practices, bringing about the system simpler, faster, cheaper synergy among the judiciary, the and people-friendly, and restoring the Prosecution and Police, making the confidence of the common man are system simpler, faster, cheaper and the other responsibilities of the people-friendly, and restoring the Committee. This includes improving confidence of the common man are the investigation and trial procedures the other responsibilities of the on professional lines for expeditious Committee. dispensation of justice and making the functionaries accountable. The Committee is also required to examine if the concept of ‘ Federal Crimes’ can be put in List 1 of the Seventh Schedule of the , Constitution so that it becomes the exclusive responsibility of the Central Government. STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY THE COMMITTEE 1. 8. Realizing the importance and magnitude of the task, the Committee decided to reach out to every section of the society, which has a stake in the system, directly or indirectly. Accordingly the Committee decided to: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) Prepare a questionnaire and obtain responses from all walks of society. Organize seminars on important issues in different parts of the country. Participate in seminars or meetings organised by others. Meet citizens from different States hailing from different walks of life. Obtain the views of the State Governments. Obtain the views of the High Courts and the Judges. Obtain the views of Central and State Bar Councils and members of the Bar. Seek the views of Attorney General and Advocate Generals of the States. Obtain the views of the Heads of Police Departments. Obtain the views of the Heads of Prosecution Departments. Obtain the views of the Forensic Scientists. Obtain the views of the academics in law. Obtain the views of the media persons. Get research done by scholars on important topics. 7 (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) Study the relevant reports of the Law Commission of India, Report of Dharmavira Committee, Report of Padmanabhaiah Committee, Report of Vohra Committee, Report of Task Force on internal security, Report of Chief Ministers conference on Internal Security and other Commissions on topics relevant to the Criminal Justice System. Study the Criminal Justice Systems in U. K, Australia, France, USA and other countries and the reforms undertaken by them. Make a comparative study of Criminal Justice Systems in 20 selected countries from different continents. Interact with experts from different countries in the world. Examine Reports of the National Crime Bureau upto 2000. 1. 9. After an in-depth study of the problem facing the Criminal Justice System the questionnaire was prepared and sent to 3,164 persons enclosing a pre-paid envelope to enable them to respond without incurring any expenditure. The list includes the Prime Minister, Home Minister, Law Minister, Attorney General, Home Secretary, Law Secretary, Govt. of India, Law Commission of India and functionaries of the State Governments such as the Chief Ministers, Home Ministers, Law Ministers, Chief Secretaries, Law Secretaries, Home Secretaries, Advocate Generals, D. GsP, Director of Prosecution, the Chief Justices of the High Courts, Senior District Judges, different Bar Associations and State and Central Bar Councils, Bar Association Lawyers. However the number of responses received is only 284. 1. 10. Views of all the High Courts and information relating to institutions, pendency, disposal and other relevant information were sought from all the High Courts. As the response was not encouraging, the Chief Justice of India, on being requested by the Chairman, called upon all the High Courts to send their responses. As a result of the initiative of the Chief Justice, all the High Courts have sent their reports. (Refer Appendix 5, Volume II). However some of them have not furnished all the information sought, in the pro forma in regard to filing, disposal, pendency of criminal cases etc. 1. 11. Similarly all the State Governments were requested to send their views. But only the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Jammu Kashmir have submitted their replies. Other States have not responded inspite of repeated requests. (Refer Appendix 6, Volume II). . 12. Reports on the functioning of the prosecution system in all the States were sought from the respective heads of Police Departments. Reports have been received from the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, 8 Orissa, Tamil Nadu, and Uttaranchal. Others have not responded. (Refer Appendix 7, Volume III). 1. 13. The Committee organised seminars as follows: – Date 9 February 2002 Place Chennai Topic Media and Criminal Justice System 23/24 February 2002 Jaipur Reforms of Criminal Justice System (Investigation, Sentencing and Prosecution) 2/23 March 2002 Mumbai Economic Crimes and Financial Frauds 26/27/28 April 2002 Delhi Fundamental Principles of Criminal Justice – A Fresh Look. 1. 14. Several other seminars organised on the recommendations of the Committee by different organizations and many more seminars organised by different organisations on the topics concerning the Criminal Justice System in which the Chairman or members of the Committee actively participated are the following: Date Place Topic 16 February 2002 Haveri, Karnataka Reforms of Criminal Justice System 10 July 2002 Delhi Use of Handcuffing – a rational approach. 7/28 July 2002 Hyderabad Forensic Science, its use and application in investigation and prosecution. 12 September 2002 Lucknow Symposium on Criminal Justice Administration and D alits 13 September 2002 Allahabad 4 October 2002 Delhi Application of Information Technology in Legal System and Reforms Of Criminal Justice System. Insulating Police from External Pressures. 10/11 October 2002 Delhi Law of Arrest Accountability. 11 January 2003 Pune Reforms of Criminal Justice System –Speedier and Efficient Procedure for Trial Of Criminal Cases. – Police Powers and 9 1. 15. It is heartening to know that many eminent personalities participated in these seminars. Notable among them are Dr. R. Venkataraman, former President of India, Sri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (now Vice-President of India), Sri Arun Jaitley, Honourable Minister for Law, former Chief Justices Sri Ranganath Misra, Sri A. M. Ahmadi, Sri M. H. Kania, Dr. A. S. Anand, former Supreme Court Judges Sri. K. Jayachandra Reddy, Sri. Jaganadha Rao, Sri. K. T. Thomas and many Senior Advocates Sri. Fali Nariman, Sri Soli Sorabjee, Attorney General, Sri K. K. Venugopal, Sri Shantibhushan, Sri. P. P. Rao, Sri V. R. Reddy, Sri. Dipankar P. Gupta, Sri. K. N. Bhat. 1. 16. The Chairman held discussions with Mr. Badri Bahadur Karki, Attorney General of Nepal who is engaged in reforming the criminal prosecution system in his country. The Chairman discussed with Lord Goldsmith, Attorney General of U. K and held discussion with particular reference to several reforms undertaken in that country. The Chairman and members Professor Madhava Menon and Mr. Subba Rao participated in a video conference on reforms with prominent criminal lawyers from U. K. The Chairman and member Mr. Subba Rao visited Paris on the invitation of the French Government to study the Inquisitorial System followed in that country. Similar invitation from USA Agency USAID could not be accepted for want of time. Therefore USAID was good enough to send four experts to New Delhi who enlightened the Committee about the salient features of the Criminal Justice System in USA. 1. 17. The Committee made an in-depth study of the materials gathered in respect of all the 19 items mentioned in the earlier paragraph. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM – AN OVERVIEW:Whatever views one holds about the penal law, no one will question its importance to society. This is the law on which men place their ultimate reliance for protection against all the deepest injuries that human conduct can inflict on individuals and institutions. By the same token, penal law governs the strongest force that we permit official agencies to bring to bear on individuals. Its promise as an instrument of safety is matched only by its power to destroy. Nowhere in the entire legal field is more at stake for the community or for the individual. Herbert Wechsler 10 1. 18. There was no criminal law in uncivilized society. Every man was liable to be attacked on his person or property at any time by any one. The person attacked either succumbed or over-powered his opponent. â€Å"A tooth for a tooth, an eye for an eye, a life for a life† was the forerunner of criminal justice. As time advanced, the injured person agreed to accept compensation, instead of killing his adversary. Subsequently, a sliding scale of satisfying ordinary offences came into existence. Such a system gave birth to the archaic criminal law. For a long time, the application of these principles remained with the parties themselves, but gradually this function came to be performed by the State. . 19. Since Independence and the promulgation of our Constitution rapid strides have been made in almost all fields. The communication revolution has opened the eyes, ears and minds of millions of people, resulting in increasing expectations of an ever growing population. The desire for quick, fair and affordable justice is universal. Protection of life and liberty have been given a pre-eminent position in our Constitution by enacting Article 21 as a fundamental right and imposing a duty on the State to protect life and personal liberty of every citizen. Any deprivation or breach of this valuable right is not permissible unless the procedure prescribed by law for that purpose is just, fair and reasonable. Has the State been able to keep up to this promise in a substantial measure? The ground reality, however, is that this precious fundamental right is turning out to be a mere pipe dream to many millions to whom justice is delayed, distorted or denied more than its delivery in accordance with the ideals enshrined in the Constitution. The entire existence of the orderly society depends upon sound and efficient functioning of the Criminal Justice System. 1. 20. Latest report of the National Crime Record Bureau, 2000 (NCRB) published by the Ministry of Home Affairs, shows that in the year 1951 there were 6,49,728 cognizable crimes under the IPC. This has risen to 17,71,084 in the year 2000. In the year 1953 (figures for 1951 are not available) there were 49,578 violent crimes whereas in the year 2000 the number of violent crimes has increased to 2,38,381 (for the sake of illustration only figures of cognizable IPC crimes have been taken). These figures indicate an abnormal increase in the number of serious crimes. At the same time the population of the country which was 361. million in 1951 has increased to 1002. 1 million in 2000. 11 Consolidated Statement of Police Strength and of Cases Investigated by the Police in India 1996 to 2000 S. No 1. 2. 1996 Total strength of State Police Forces 1997 1998 1999 2000 9,56,620 9,87,378 10,20,171 10,32,956 10,26,917 3. Workload of Civil Police : Total cases investigated by police divided by total num ber of investigating officer (ASIs to Inspectors) IPC Cases 16,78,453 16,63,666 17,53,121 17,94,390 17,92,896 SLL Cases 41,95,778 46,00,513 44,09,133 35,47,072 33,66,127 Total Total number of cases in which investigation as completed by the police – 58,74,231 62,64,179 61,62,254 53,42,462 51,59,023 IPC Cases SLL Cases 18. 7 17. 8 17. 8 17. 2 16. 5 41. 7 42. 9 39. 3 28. 3 26. 1 60. 4 60. 7 57. 1 45. 5 42. 6 Total Consolidated Statement of Cases Dealt with by the Courts in India from 1996 to 2000 Sl No 1 1996 No. of IPC cases which came up for trial during the year including cases pending at the beginning of the year 52,97,662 1997 54,81,004 1998 56,60,484 1999 58,90,744 2000 60,23,134 12 Sl No 2 3 4 5 1996 No. of SLL cases which came up for trial during the year including cases pending at the beginning of he year No. of cases in which trial was completed during the year IPC cases SLL cases No. of cases pending trial at the end of the year IPC cases SLL cases Total Conviction r ate of those cases in which trial was completed IPC Cases SLL cases 1997 1998 1999 2000 7120383 7751906 7910411 7219222 6717380 843588 3487815 879928 3732474 895414 3679707 930729 3221158 933181 2518475 4252918 4395644 4585559 4775216 4921710 3259637 3625072 3784163 3506947 3649230 7512555 8020716 8369722 8282163 8570940 37. 8% 38. 2% 37. 4% 39. 6% 41. 8% 87. 3% 87. 9% 86. 7% 87. 9% 81. 4% Table 2 1. 21. Out of every 100 cases (both IPC and SLL crimes) reported to and taken up by the Police for investigation, between 25 and 30 cases are IPC crimes and the balance is accounted for by SLL crimes. Of the IPC crimes taken up by police for investigation every year, The above statistics suggest that as of investigation is completed by January 2003, assuming that we have a the police in 76% to 80% of crime free society with Police not having to these cases. The corresponding take cognizance of and investigate any percentage in respect of SLL crime (either IPC or SLL) from now on and cases is between 85 and 95. he strength of the trial courts remain at the present level numerically and efficiency 1. 22. The above statistics wise, (an unrealistic assumption indeed! ) it suggest that as of January 2003, will take a minimum of another four years for the courts to dispose of all these cases. assuming that we have 13 a crime free society with Police not having to take cognizance of and investigat e any crime (either IPC or SLL) from now on and the strength of the trial courts remain at the present level numerically and efficiency wise, (an unrealistic assumption indeed! it will take a minimum of another four years for the courts to dispose of all these cases. 1. 23. These figures show that the courts have not been able to cope up with the number of cases that come before them for trial every year. According to Table 1 the total number of complaints received by the police and cases registered during the year 2000 in India is 56,62,773. It is a matter of common knowledge that several persons who are victims of crimes do not complain to the police. During the year 2000 the total number of cases charge-sheeted after investigation is 50,98,304. The total number of cases disposed of by the courts in the year 2000 is 9,32,774. So far as the cases under IPC are concerned, the analysis in the report on page 1 of the NCRB report shows that 79% of IPC cases were investigated in the year 2000, 78. 4% of them were charge-sheeted, 18. 3% of them were tried and 41. 8% of them resulted in conviction. In many Countries like U. K. , U. S. A, France, Japan and Singapore the rate of conviction is more than 90%. 1. 24. Quality of justice suffers not only when an innocent person is punished or a guilty person is exonerated but when there s enormous delay in deciding the criminal Quality of justice suffers cases. It is a trite saying that justice delayed is not only when an innocent justice denied. Table 25(b) of the NCRB report, person is punished or a 2000 furnishes the duration of trial of cases guilty person is exonerated during 2000. It is seen that 10,382 cases of the but when there is enormous duration of 3 to 5 years, 6,503 cases of the delay in deciding the duration of 5-10 years and 2,187 cases of the criminal cases. duration of over 10 years were disposed of by ll the courts in India during 2000. Taking more than 3 years (sometimes even 10 years) amounts to denying fair trial. Speedy trial is a right of the accused that flows from Article 21 as held by the Supreme Court. If the accused is acquitted after such long delay one can imagine the Taking more than 3 unnecessary suffering he was subjected to. Many years (sometimes even times such inordinate delay contributes to acquittal 10 years) amounts to of guilty persons either because the evidence is lost or because of lapse of time, or the witnesses do not denying fair trial. emember all the details or the witnesses do not come forward to give true evidence due to threats, inducement or sympathy. Whatever may be the reason it is justice that becomes a casualty. 14 1. 25. Vulnerable sections of the society like women, children and other members of weaker sectio ns of society like the Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribes suffer more when the Criminal Justice System fails to live up to expectations. Crime Against Women Sl No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Crime Head Rape Kidnapping and Abduction Dowry Death Torture Molestation Sexual Harassment Importation of Girls Sati Prevention Act Immoral Traffic (P) Act Indecent Rep. of Women (P) Act 11. Dowry Prohibition Act Total 1998 15151 16351 6975 41376 30959 8054 146 0 8695 190 1999 15468 15962 6699 43823 32311 8858 1 0 9363 222 2000 16496 15023 6995 45778 32940 11024 64 0 9515 662 Percentage variation in 2000 over 1999 6. 6 -5. 9 4. 4 4. 5 1. 9 24. 5 63. 0 1. 6 198. 2 3578 131475 3064 135771 2876 141373 -6. 1 4. 1 Year Table 3 Several disturbing features are seen from the figures given in this table. There is a 6. 6% increase in the offence of rape from 1999 to 2000. So far as the percentage of sexual harassment during the same period is concerned, there is an increase of 24. 5%. What is worst is the figures relating to importation of girls obviously for sex which has increased to 63% during 2000. This is quite shocking. 15 1. 26. So far as offences against children are concerned, Table 4 furnishes information about the incidents of different types of offences against them between 1996 and 2000. Offences Against Children Sl No Crime Head Years Percentage variation 2000 2000 over over 1996 1999 -23. 3 -0. 7 24. 5 -10. 1 1996 1. Child Rape . Kidnapping and abduction 3. Procuration of minor girls 4. Selling of girls for prostitution 5. Buying of girls for prostitution 6. Abetment of Suicide 7. Exposure and abandonment 8. Infanticide 9. Foeticide 10. Child marriage restraint act Total 1997 1998 1999 2000 4083 571 4414 620 4153 699 3153 791 3132 711 94 6 87 9 171 11 172 13 147 15 56. 4 150. 0 -14. 5 15. 3 22 13 13 5 53 140. 9 960 11 554 13 582 28 575 24 593 18 660 63. 6 19. 1 -25 11. 2 113 39 89 107 57 78 114 62 56 87 61 58 104 91 92 -8. 8 133. 3 3. 4 19. 5 49. 2 58. 6 5582 5980 5882 4957 5023 -10. 0 1. 3 Table 4 The figures show a mixed trend during the last five years. There is an increase of 1. 3% from 1999 to 2000. 16 1. 27. So far as incidence of child rape is concerned, there were 744 victims below 10 years and 2,880 victims between of 10 and 16 years. This shows the extent of child abuse that is prevalent in India and the failure of the system to contain it. This is very disturbing. 1. 28. So far as crime against other weaker sections of the society namely the SC and ST are concerned, the figures for the years 1998, 1999 and 2000 are furnished in the Tables 5 and 6. Sl No Crime Head Years Percentage variation in 1998 1. Murder 516 506 526 1999 over 1998 -1. 9 2. Rape 923 1000 1083 8. 3 8. 3 3. Kidnapping Abduction 253 228 268 -9. 8 17. 5 4. Dacoity 49 36 38 -26. 5 5. 6 5. Robbery 150 109 108 -27. 3 -0. 9 6. Arson 346 337 290 -2. 6 -13. 9 7. Hurt 3809 3241 3497 -14. 9 7. 9 8. PCR Act 724 678 672 -6. 3 -0. 9 9. SC/ST 7443 7301 7386 -1. 9 1. 2 11425 11657 11587 2. 0 -0. 6 25638 25093 25455 -2. 1 1. 4 (Prev. of 1999 2000 2000 over 1999 4. 0 Atrocities) Act 10. Others Total Table 5 17 Sl No Crime Head Years Percentage variation in 998 1999 2000 2000 over 1999 59 1999 over 1998 21. 2 66 80 331 384 403 16. 0 4. 9 56 59 48 5. 3 18. 6 1. Murder 2. Rape 3. Kidnapping Abduction 4. Dacoity 5 3 5 -40. 0 66. 7 5. Robbery 15 8 2 -46. 6 -75. 0 6. Arson 38 43 32 13. 2 -25. 6 7. Hurt 638 646 447 1. 2 -30. 8 8. PCR Act 50 45 31 -10. 0 -31. 1 9. SC/ST 709 574 502 -19. 0 -12. 5 2368 2608 2661 10. 1 -2. 0 4276 4450 4190 4. 1 -5. 8 (Prev. of 26. 3 Atrocities) Act 10 . Others Total Table 6 In the year 2000 there was an increase of 1. 4% of crimes against the members of SC. So far as the members of the ST are oncerned the figures indicate that there was an Economic crimes like increase in the number of crimes like murder, smuggling, money laundering, rape, kidnapping, dacoity during 2000 tax evasion, drug trafficking, compared to the figures of the previous year. corruption and serious economic frauds are eating the 1. 29. Economic crimes like smuggling, vitals of the nation in a very money laundering, tax evasion, drug big way. trafficking, corruption and serious economic frauds are eating the vitals of the nation in a very big way. Table 7 furnishes information about major frauds reported during 2000. How to cite World, Papers

Should Marijuana Be Legalized Arguments For And Against Essay Example For Students

Should Marijuana Be Legalized? Arguments For And Against Essay Should Marijuanabe Legalized? Arguments For and AgainstThe purpose of this paper is to discuss marijuana and compare both sidesof the issue of legalizing marijuana. We have two factions fighting eachother ; one those who are pro marijuana and those who are anti marijuana. These two factions have been fighting on this issue on the halls of justicefor years. Pro marijuana legalization groups such as the Physicians Associationfor AIDS Care, National Lymphoma Foundation argue that marijuana shouldbe legalized in order to treat terminally ill patients. Among them areAIDS victims who find that marijuana stimulates their appetites so theycan fight off dangerous emaciation; glaucoma sufferers who have used marijuanasaid it has prevented them from going blind, and cancer patients for whomit alleviates the severe nausea that is often accompanies chemotherapyand sometimes makes lifesaving treatment impossible. Due to all these lobbying groups which show substantial evidence thatmarijuana can be used as a prescribed drug. Also many advocates who arepro marijuana complain that morphine and cocaine are legal and are verydangerous drugs, that brings up the question why not legalize marijuanaas medical drug which is proven to be less dangerous than cocaine and morphine. Lobbying groups in a San Diego, California , council committee unanimouslyvoted to urge president Bill Clinton and congress to end federal restrictionsagainst the use of marijuana for legitiment medical use. City councilwomen Christine kehoe said she wanted the city of San Diego to go on therecord we support the medical use marijuana.; marijuana can be a drug ofnecessity in the treatment of AIDS, glaucoma, cancer and multiple sclerosis. Many agencies which are anti marijuana such as Drug Enforcement Agencyand police departments argue that marijuana shouldnt be legalized. Theseagencies believe that marijuana shouldnt be legalized because if marijuanais to become legal then thousands more patients using marijuana. Then peoplewill raise the question why marijuana illegal at all if its a medicine. The main reason why the Drug Enforcement Agency doesnt want marijuanato be legal is because their is no hard core evidence that proves thatmarijuana is a effective drug as a medicine. In twenty years of researchhave produced no reliable scientific proof that marijuana has medical value. The American Cancer Society , American Glaucoma Society,the National MultipleSclerosis, the American Academy of Ophthalmology , or the American MedicalAssociation , say that their is no evidence that marijuana is a medicine. The agencies also argues that no other drug prescribed is smoked andthat knew findings show that marijuana is acutely harmful to AIDS, Cancerpatients because the active ingredient in marijuana acutely reduces thethe bodies white blood cells which fight off infection. The Drug EnforcementAgency along with police departments all over the United States believe,with the legalization of drugs crime will increase due to a higher increaseof pot users which will eventually become addicts and will still or killin order to get their drugs. These are the main points and reasons why the Drug named marijuana shouldntbe legalized in the United States of America. Seeing booth sides of the issue I come to a conclusion that marijuanashould be legalized in order to help people suffering from terminal diseasessuch as AIDS, Cancer and Glaucoma. Prohibition of marijuana over the pastdecades hasnt deminshed the demand of the drug in the United States. Theuse of marijuana has acutely went up due to the mass attention given tomarijuana by rappers such as Cypress Hill who promote the use of marijuanaas a social drug. But I believe that marijuana is here to stay in our societyand is only going through the stages that alcohol had during the prohibitionera. .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753 , .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753 .postImageUrl , .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753 , .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753:hover , .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753:visited , .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753:active { border:0!important; } .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753:active , .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753 .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4a363158dd5bdde5f5806d8ff6e21753:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Good Man Is Hard To Find EssayMarijuana will become legal due to the knew administration which isliberal and whos leader , president Bill Clinton who had acutely usedmarijuana during the nineteen sixties. Due to all these factors marijuanawill become more widely accepted by the American people who will pressurecongress to rewrite the laws on the drug marijuana. Now its only a matterof time before lobbying groups pressure the legislature to legalize it. Due to legalization many states will be able to grow marijuana as a cashcrop, and the United States government will be able to tax marijuana andmake revenue off it. The revenue made from marijuana will be in the millionswhich can be used for drug rehabs and anti drug programs targeted at elementarychildren. Still by seeing both sides of the issue Im still one hundredpercent pro marijuana because I use it socially and I believe its lessharmful than beer or liquor because with marijuana you cant overdose.

Positive and Negative Effects of Globalization

Positive and Negative Effects of Globalization EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report deals with the positive and negative effects of globalization. When we’re talking about it, we mean the process of self-integration of countries due to an impact of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and non-governmental organizations (INGOs). Generally, it involves economic integration and political interaction as it’s connected to the cultural and social aspects of different nations. Researchers distinguish several dimensions of globalization, chiefly among them they emphasize on political, social, and economic models. The modern political approach pertains to the coordination and cooperation between different governments. National partnerships were primarily created to overcome such global problems as wars, diseases, hunger, and environmental pollution. The social approach deals with human interaction as social media and the Internet allow people to communicate without barriers. For instance, everybody knows about the American dream, Russian ballet, or Chinese professional chess players since information spreads very fast. An economic dimension pertains to commercial corporations. They have headquarters worldwide which allow them to influence particular domestic policy. This report provides an extensive approach to world integration revealing both the pros and cons of its worldwide influence. It explains how our world became a global village where everyone who has access to the Internet can purchase products and services. People can also be employed and work remotely without the hustle of traveling and settling in a foreign state. What is more, this article highlights both negative and positive globalization effects which take place in developed countries as well as those which are just developing. Student exchanges are of great value for both of these groups. It is possible to study online and achieve a degree without having to relocate to a foreign state. Most business people use this available means of interaction to get in touch with directors as well as CEO’s of successful traders to invest their money and discuss possible profits and dividends. This paper also gives an opinion on disadvantages, for instance, employment shifts or wage gaps. Job hunting became a multinational trend. The most affected employees are those from developed countries as employers can hire immigrants who have smaller salaries. Several thousand local companies go bankrupt each year as a result of price fluctuations. States which have access to cheap raw materials and labor sell their products at a low cost via online platforms. This results in bringing down various companies which are pressured to decrease prices and obtain minimum profits. Our fundamental issue is how to utilize the advantages of worldwide integration and minimize its disadvantages. It’s evident that the positive influence outweighs the negative, but it seems to affect dramatically common daily life. For instance, in some developed countries, a couple have several part-time jobs almost around the clock to pay for their mortgage, car loan, and afford basic needs. In such cases, states should raise their minimum wages or ensure employers don’t hire remote workers abroad. Introduction Globalization describes how different world cultures, populations, and economies are interdependent from each other. It is a consequence of cross-border business. Technology, goods, investments, information, and services along with the labor market are the most popular components of such activity. Nations have established worldwide integration over many centuries by enabling economic, political, and social partnerships. In ancient times people moved to distant places to settle, exchange goods with others, and to produce food and unprocessed materials. In the early 19th century, trains, steamships, and telegraphs opened the way to global interaction and integration through economic collaboration among states. Global trade was affected by World War I and II, the post-war protectionism and the Great Depression. Many countries were affected economically, and there was an increased rivalry between various nations. Today the same endeavor has improved due to innovations and intensified transportation. When someone needs to sell goods overseas, it takes a few minutes to get in touch with a buyer. The revival of trade between nations is associated with particular efforts of the United States. They began popularizing their conception of investments as well as preaching some positive impacts of cross-border trade on the global community. They encouraged funding to resurrect states’ domestic economies which softened and agreed to make their natural resources be an object of trading. At the same time, they allow the building of infrastructure to alleviate transportation. This term became popular in the 1990s when ordinary people got access to the global net. Globalization pertains to the transborder business along with cross-boundaries investments. Multinational institutions have organized a global order to operate trade relations through accepted rules. This concept was created to make intercultural cooperation easy and prevent conflicts from being escalated into unmanageable disputes. Among established INGOs and NGOs are IMF, World Bank, WTO, UN, and NATO. Effects of globalization are politically charged. They benefit corporate elites, while a small group of people is enormously harmed. People should understand future benefits apart from costs of globalization effects to solve problems and sustain the discounted payoffs. As a result, we’ve drawn attention to the good things about globalization in both developed countries and developing countries as well as some bad things about globalization in these states. Effects of Globalization on Developed Countries Worldwide integration impacted countries with developed economies. Some positive influences comprise low-cost country sourcing, evolved social interaction as well as increased employment opportunities. What are Some Advantages of Globalization? Researchers have concluded various positive effects of globalization which some developed countries enjoy today. It’s hard to encounter each of them, but lets focus on some essential points. Global Market Among all effects of globalization, this one is beneficial. It means encouraging nations to specialize and produce plenty of goods available in their local market. Different countries produce different products and what is most surprising there is no country which is self-sufficient. Some countries with developed economies don’t have enough raw materials for their factories, while the rest accumulate costs more than it should. Worldwide integration has led the way to cheap raw materials. Now states can purchase them and produce low price products with a good profit. Developed countries advertise for the low-income community to buy their products with compatible prices. They also sell goods to developing countries because they are affordable. They are supposed to promote the economic growth of the country from where they buy their raw materials as they invest their money overseas by building industries to produce cheap goods. The larger the market, the more the returns. This concept has extended businesses in developed countries. They have also expanded by acquiring companies in developing countries, partnering and merging with others to reach out to a big market and produce cheaper goods due to the availability of materials and labor. Availability of cross-border market encourages companies from developed countries to create various goods because they have consumers worldwide. Some of them produce vehicles, other clothes or foods. There are a range of products invented in developed countries and sold elsewhere. Cross-Cultural Management Each country has got its own culture. Culture pertains to the way particular people do things as well as their values and believes. Incorporating all cultures to form a global one is not easy. For instance, gender equality is not recognized in some legal systems, and they do not allow women to lead or engage in business. Before globalization, many countries would not allow females to acquire education, and even if they did, they were supposed to do jobs such as teaching or nursing. Now a lot of states have adopted features of American culture even in the way they carry out business. For instance, one of the United States features is keeping time as well as understanding its value. They don’t like procrastinating with ridiculous activities. Population in developed and underdeveloped countries have a culture of engaging in activities which are profitable either socially, economically or spiritually. Here becomes a new global culture. Globalization is a causality of cultural eros ion in communities from both developed and developing countries. Competition Competition is a healthy way of doing business. Without it, companies would not pioneer some innovations in cross-border trade. It is the main reason why the quality of goods and services improve as well as why the prices drop. Competition affected industries in some developed countries to source cheap raw materials and labor to decrease prices. People from the first-world can afford themselves to buy products from domestic industries and foreign ones. Competition causes increased communication of ideas and innovation as people try to find a competitive advantage for their business. Job Opportunity About 90 percent of the first-world population earns for living through employment. Initially, job opportunities were quite scarce, and everyone who graduated from college applied in a certain government sector, but most of them ended up working as a casual laborer in industries with a low income. Globalization has brought this trend to a halt as more job opportunities are now available locally and internationally. By using technology, one can access employment opportunities, work remotely and even have more than one job. Many students come out as entrepreneurs ready to grow their own business and create job opportunities for others. Globalization has brought in diversification which helps student interact with foreigners. They exchange ideas on available opportunities in various countries, and such discussions broaden their mind on how to find employment or other ways of making a decent living. The major standards of living have improved due to an extended labor market. Reducing the Gap between the Rich and the Poor Globalization has notably declined the gap between rich and poor people. For many centuries there has been a wide gap between these groups, a gap that seemed to widen every year. Globalization enabled poor people to have access to job opportunities. A long time ago people who worked in government sectors and companies got high salaries, but now even overeducated employees earn a little money. As a result, many employers hire qualified workers and pay them less than they deserve. Due to their expenses of maintaining companies’ specific image, the highly paid workers live a stressful life while the low-income people seem to have a stress-free experience. The number of low-income people working as casual laborers has continued to decrease as most young people acquire education. These young, educated people perform multitasking jobs to get enough money to enable themselves and their family to live a decent life. Consequently, a constant difference between the rich and the poor reduce considerably. Most industries employ only skilled workers due to complicated systems of operation. Those without skills seek employment in other states. Instead of staying without an income, most people don’t mind the displacement as long as they are going to earn for a living. Investments The population of developed countries prefers to invest money in profitable businesses rather than deposit it in banks. The reason is, they strive to earn for a living remotely because investments assure they will gain good profits without any efforts. Unfortunately, such an option is available only for those people in developed countries as usual defaults of economies in third-world states make it insecure. People are afraid to invest their earnings because they can not predict whether their national currency will be equivalent to the US dollar next year. Others spend it by establishing firms and industries in foreign countries where they gain profits. Advanced technology Advanced technologies are a result of globalization. A constant need for innovations appeared due to the lack of quick data transfer and public communication. Lots of inventors have tried to serve the needs of modern society by improving technology. Its advancement has paved the way for positive effects of globalization in countries that initially did not want to associate with others. Such states select partners for cooperation depending on religion rather than the economy. Legal Effects Through globalization, people get to know what’s happening in other countries. Media services cover events which occur in other countries. As a result, various turmoils could be solved by international mediators. Those who perform acts against human rights are arrested and sentenced by intergovernmental courts. Equally, those who practice illegal business aiming to get competitors out of trading are prosecuted. Nevertheless, lots of states are not satisfied that a particular IGO interferes domestic policy and dictate them how they should operate within own boundaries. Imposed economic sanctions prosecute governments which refused to adopt international conventions and follow their laws. Negative Effects of Globalization It has had a few adverse effects on developed countries. Some adverse consequences of globalization include terrorism, job insecurity, currency fluctuation, and price instability. Terrorism It is a significant problem in most developed countries. Due to worldwide integration, people travel a lot. Some of them move abroad for studying, business, visiting relatives, work and access hospitals services. However, not all of them are totally honest. Lots of terrorists came to a foreign country with a worker visa having a hidden goal to perform a terrorist attack. It’s a problem that has posed fear among citizens who can’t trust their neighbors. Unfortunately, terrorists recruit young people, residents of the country and make them believe they are doing the right things. That’s why there are fear, mistrust, and tension in society. Job Insecurity Before globalization, skilled people got employment in government sectors and companies where they received high salaries. Job opportunities were waiting for those who completed colleges and earned a degree. People would resign a job and quickly get another. Due to globalization, there are many people seeking employment all over the world. Employers take advantage of cheap labor. One can get a dismissal because of a slight mistake as the employer can find a skilled worker who is ready to be paid less. Price Instability Price instability is a significant effect of globalization on business. Some people establish industries overseas where they get cheap raw materials and labor. They can cut production costs and sell their goods at a low price. Due to competition, some high-quality products differ in prices. No matter how the World Trade Organization has tried to control price fluctuation, their efforts are not successful. These companies reach out to consumers using modern technology. Successful businesses are for those who can find a competitive advantage and especially make high-quality products for a low price. Currency Fluctuation International trade buys and sells products using the US dollar. The price of dollar fluctuates day-to-day in developing countries, this results in imbalanced economy and unnormal prices for goods and services. National currencies are affected the most by IGOs. What are the Positive Effects of Globalization? Positive effects on Developing countries Globalization has had numerous positive effects on some developing countries. It’s the reason for the fast growth and development of these countries as people invest in these states improving their infrastructure, technology, and total production. Below are some positive effects of worldwide integration on developing countries. Poverty Eradication Before globalization, developing countries have had plenty of resources which they didn’t know how to use. Their population was uneducated as well as there were no roads or means of transport. Nowadays people understood the significance of education and standards of living as foreigners settled in these countries. Consequently, locals went to schools established by the settlers and got employment in their companies and industries. Some of them went abroad for further studies. They were able to raise the living standard of their families by using new knowledge. Today, due to globalization, companies established by locals of some developing states are the major competitors of those from developed states. Although the fight against poverty is not over, there is a great improvement. Availability of Employment Most developed countries have lots of educated jobless people. Globalization gives them job opportunities in other countries. Their primary advantage over the residents of the developed countries is the fact that they offer cheap services. They are also open to learning as they consider themselves lucky to have a new life. Education Globalization has enabled further studies. Most developed countries have advanced schools and colleges. They encourage people from overseas to study there. While it is just a business venture like any other, students from developing countries take it as an advantage to get further education and skills to use in their careers. The investors from developed countries settle abroad with their families, what’s more, they want to have good schools for their children. As a result, they donate to local schools, advance the curriculum and hire qualified teachers. Following this way, most developing countries have very advanced high schools and universities. There is no need to move to developed states to seek education because it is readily available in these countries. Enhanced education is a positive impact of globalization in developing countries. The governments of most developing nations provide free training to encourage parents to school their children. Education is compulsory i n most developing countries due to globalization because, without it, investors and traders would have a hard time hiring locals. Technology Globalization has helped to transport technology to developing countries. Some investors and foreigners who have got a bargain with the people from developing countries needed to communicate with them and exchange ideas as well as information. The fastest way to do it was through using of modern technology. It has greatly helped people from developing countries. Most of them can buy and sell goods online at a low price. They work remotely with companies in developed countries. Interaction with people through social media, the Internet and other platforms have opened new horizons on how to improve standards of living. Media coverage has attracted lots of volunteers from developed countries. Consequently, most people can satisfy their basic needs such as food, clothing or medicines. Foreign Investments Globalization brought in the need for people from developed states to invest in some developing countries. Foreign investment is one of the results of globalization that culminates in many developments in these countries. For instance, some investors want raw materials and goods to be transferred faster to the industry and the market respectively. The only way to do this is to help each government in the building of efficient infrastructure. The local people get jobs from these industries and companies established in their country. Investors boost the country’s economy by paying taxes to the government. They help to improve institutions such as schools and hospital through the government agencies which benefits the locals and their family members. Negative Effects of Globalization Although the developing countries have had many benefits from globalization, there are a few negative impacts it has caused in the developing countries. Displacements of Workers Thanks to globalization, there are employment opportunities all over our huge world. However, most people have had to leave their families for many years as they work abroad. As a result, couples have divorced, remarried and left destitute children at the mercy of volunteers and shelters. Some children haven’t been able to meet their old-aged parents’ needs because the money they earn from their job is not enough. Lots of seniors die due to sicknesses and lack of financial and emotional support from their children. Unemployment In almost all developing countries over half of the working population relied on casual jobs in industries until globalization took root. The advancement of technology has reduced such employment and increased global need for skilled professionals. Majority of people in developing countries don’t have skills, while the available jobs are poorly paid due to high demand caused by globalization. Most of the people are left unemployed and unable to meet their basic needs resulting in increased criminal activities such as burglary, pickpocketing, murder and drug abuse. The rate of unemployment and poverty keeps growing as the gap between the rich and the poor widens. Increased Lifestyle diseases Globalization has brought in the consumption of processed foods, planting crops using chemicals to minimize the duration of growth and increase profit. In order to benefit from business, animals such as the cows are fed on chemicals that make them produce a lot of milk or increase in weight for those that are sold for the meat industry. Due to increased ingestion of chemicals from foods, chronic diseases are on the rise. The mortality rate is high. Furthermore, there is a reduction in the lifespan in the developing countries. Abandonment of Culture Every community, society, or nation has its values and beliefs, that is to say – own culture. They are essential because they mold the acceptable behavior of the people in a particular community. The elders or leaders ensure that the people behave in a morally upright way. However, globalization mixed different cultures. Then people reconsidered their authentic rules and customs regarding their culture as primitive. Some nations from developing countries adopt the western culture and abandon there’s own. The community leaders can no longer pursue their own domestic policy punishing citizens for crimes them as they did before because they are regarded as backward and primitive by international society. They adopt the culture which is quite strange and distant from their nature, due to such policy, people conduct themselves regardless of actual laws. As a result, there is an increased crime as acts such as rape, divorce, and domestic violence get on the rise. What is one of the Negative Effects of Globalization on My Community? Terrorism Not a year ends without incidences of terrorism in my community, something that has affected its welfare and unity that existed before globalization. According to recent studies, there were nine thousand terroristic attacks performed worldwide in 2017. This statistic sounds really frighteningly. Unfortunately, my hometown is not an exception. Last year, our big city mall was burning. The police argued that fire was caused by arson. How does Globalization affect me? Globalization has many positive effects on me. Firstly, I have an education and an online writing job. So to say I am a freelancer. I buy lots of my devices or tools online, what is more, I can communicate with people from other countries via popular networks. On the other hand, due to worldwide integration, I have never succeeded in getting a job in an office. All my applications have been turned down because there is high competition. References 1. Beck, U. (2018). What is globalization?. John Wiley Sons. 2. Chinnammai, S. (2005). Effects of globalization on education and culture. New Delhi. 3. Cox, K. R. (Ed.). (1997). Spaces of globalization: reasserting power of the local. Guilford Press. 4. Garrett, G. (2001). Globalization and government spending around the world. Studies in comparative international development, 35(4), 3-29. 5. Giddens, A. (2018). Globalization. In Sociology of Globalization(pp. 19-26). Routledge. 6. Kohn, D. L. (2006). Effects of globalization on inflation and their implications for monetary policy. In Conference Series;[Proceedings] (Vol. 51). Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. 7. Levitt, T. (1993). Globalization of markets. Readings in international business: a decision approach, 249.

Emphasise The Importance Of Introducing Gender Mainstreaming Social Work Essay Essay Example

Emphasise The Importance Of Introducing Gender Mainstreaming Social Work Essay Essay Example Emphasise The Importance Of Introducing Gender Mainstreaming Social Work Essay Essay Emphasise The Importance Of Introducing Gender Mainstreaming Social Work Essay Essay and Oxfam GB defined gender mainstreaming in a set of guidelines for its staff as follows: A procedure of guaranting that all its work, and the manner it is done, contributes to gender equality by transforming the balance of power between adult females and work forces , with this attitude we should every bit good approach gender mainstreaming in our company.[ 1 ]The United Nations Office of the Special Advisor on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women elaborates on the definition of gender equality as the equal rights, duties and chances of adult females and work forces and misss and male childs ; and adds that equality does non intend that adult females and work forces will go the same but that adult females s and work forces s rights, duties and chances will non depend on whether they are born male or female. Gender equality entails both adult females and work forces and non merely adult females s issue. Reaching a province of equality between adult females and work forces is mak ing a province of humanity.[ 2 ] Recently adult females had entered the work market in an unprecedented manner, adult females are educated, intelligent and have the ability and capableness to take and do the right determinations whether at a managerial station or a domestic 1. It is a great loss for the company non to take full advantage of our female co-workers capablenesss and accomplishments for it is considered cachexia of resources, hence our company s direction is perpetrating a great error baring adult females from busying high managerial places and facilitates their calling promotion, and no demand to advert the de-motivated moral and feeling of favoritism among themselves. There are great obstructions that prevent female co-workers from giving their extreme attempt and dedication towards the work topographic point. Part of the chief obstructions is the working environment and the company s internal policies. Womans should be allowed and assisted in making a balance point between their private life and its demands and carry throughing work duties in an effectual mode. Achieving gender equality increases our company s productiveness on one manus, and on the other improves the household public assistance of our female co-workers. We should disperse the glass ceiling which the company accidentally puts through presenting new regulations and policies and give them entree to resources that would weave their manner to make managerial places if anyone of them proves to merit it. We, as the direction squad of this company, should non restrict the entree to information and resources to any of our staff and collar the chance of calling development, this will give economic and societal benefits both employees every bit good the employer and if non both will lose ; the company will happen itself unable to last the progressively heterogenous market. Our company s organisational construction in its current format prevents adult females from making top professional places. Why Gender Mainstreaming? We, as a baronial company, should advance our staff s societal justness through set uping a more gender balance policies so as to be in line with the human rights Torahs, states labour criterions and non to be accused of being male biased. Women s productiveness is recognized and we should profit from their accomplishments and endowments through giving them more infinite to move and to turn out, through their capablenesss, that they deserve our trust to busy senior places. From the point of position of the International Labor Organization ( hereafter ILO ) , as mentioned by Baboun ( personal communicating, September 25, 2009 ) , there are two wide principles for seeking to accomplish the end of gender mainstreaming, both adult females and work forces should bask equal intervention and the judgement should be based on public presentation and non on sex footing, and we can accomplish democracy and justness through riddance of de facto and de jure favoritism on the footing of employee s sex. Baboun ( personal communicating, September 25, 2009 ) adds that we have to protect the employees societal justness through guaranting gender equality in this company and aid in poorness relief through supplying professional preparation for our staff and particularly for adult females and advance their on the job conditions, and this procedure would be more fruitful if we involved adult females when redeveloping our labour policies that tackles gender equality and aut horization.[ 3 ] All employees, adult females and work forces, should non execute different sorts of occupations on the footing of their sex but instead based on accomplishments, endowment and experience. We need to measure the demands of work forces and adult females in the company so as to emphasis on some of our policies and/or present new policies that enable all employees to accomplish self satisfaction and decent and healthy work environment. As ILO recommend, we should include gender mainstreaming in our institutional scheme to give equal chances and rights to work forces and adult females.[ 4 ]Mainstreaming involves more than increasing adult females s engagement, it places the gender equality affairs at the Centre of policy determinations and programme budgets, and institutional constructions and procedures which can advance the regard and grasp for adult females s difficult work.[ 5 ] Suggestions to accomplish gender mainstreaming We can get the better of some of the gender mainstreaming barriers by presenting gender consciousness preparation for all employees and aided by developing gender consciousness positive policies and integrating gender aims into planning and execution processs ; and to procure this policy we have to put a system of answerability. Razvi et Al ( 1995, p.7 ) emphasizes that puting the aim of de-institutionalize male prejudice should be done through presenting gender guidelines, checklists and ratings signifiers so as to do it hard for staff members to ignore adult females s involvements in their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities.[ 6 ]We can help in accomplishing this aim by set uping a little unit to advance equality and to detect the advancement of gender authorization. We have to earnestly see following some steps and policies that empower both work forces and adult females and accomplish gender equality through guaranting equality of intervention and chances of employment and encouraging adult females to use for vacant stations and leting the publicity of internally hired adult females on the footing of equal wage and calling development without negatively affect their professional and personal societal life balance. All employees should be encouraged to take part in determination devising and to be evaluated and promoted based on their occupation public presentations regardless their sex, colour or nationality. Besides, we have to vouch pregnancy benefits through presenting pregnancy benefits as the right to hard currency benefits during absence for pregnancy and female parent s right to daily interruptions or day-to-day decrease of working hours to suckle her kid.[ 7 ] As senior directors, we have the capableness to better the adult females s working environment and to put policies that enables the adult females to be treated reasonably and on equal footing as work forces. Redood ( 1996, p.1 ) emphasizes that the universe has changed to the better in respect to the intervention of adult females in general, and at their work topographic points specifically, and its our bend to accommodate and advance the public assistance of our adult females s co-workers. Her seven recommendations to relieve gender favoritism include:[ 8 ] 1 ) On traveling seeable communicating by senior direction, the president of this company, and guarantee your committedness to workforce diverseness which will hike the employees motive and dedication to our company and can vouch full use of their endowments and capablenesss. This should be an built-in portion of our concern strategic program. 2 ) Division directors should be held accountable for accomplishing gender mainstreaming end and subject a monthly advancement study, and from our side we have to reserve portion of our budget that enables them to carry on preparation Sessionss and workshops or any other activity which helps accomplishing this nonsubjective such as accomplishment wagess. 3 ) All employees should hold entree to relevant information and resources that help them to take the company a measure frontward in recognizing gender equality and better workplace atmosphere. 4 ) We have to guarantee that the agencies of calling promotion and publicities is non male biased but instead to 1s who deserve it based on their one-year public presentation rating. By this we block publicities based on personal penchants or advancing unqualified people. 5 ) We can alter our traditional recruiting system by seeking out talented campaigners from inside or outside the company by looking at adult females s colleges and universities or caput hunting. 6 ) We have to place the accomplishment and cognition standards for promotion and supply rotational occupation assignments that extend the employee s experience and visibleness and to hold an expert to tutor them. 7 ) Family friendly policies improve productiveness and cut down costs by alleviating workers of non-job related concerns and let them to concentrate on concern aims. In add-on to the above the Secretary General s communicating on gender mainstreaming on 13 October 1997 suggested that within each country of duty gender differences should be taken into history and should publish analytical studies and recommendations on policies and operational executings to guarantee accomplishing our aim. Analytic studies must bespeak gender analysis, sex-disaggregation of informations and studies. When fixing the one-year budget, it should explicitly apportion some fiscal resources to implement gender equality activities.[ 9 ] On top of the above points the ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific ( ROAP ) suggested extra processs to advance gender equality at work. The ILO suggest action programs such as disaggregating informations by sex and reexamine the demands of all staff, work forces and adult females, through transporting out a gender analysis, so measure the impact of action on adult females and work forces and place possible disparities between the place of work forces and adult females. Provision of equal opportunities and chances to all, and transporting out gender-specific action, aiming adult females entirely, work forces entirely, or adult females and work forces together with a position to right bing gender inequalities and favoritism. The promotion of adult females is a necessary scheme whenever they are in a deprived place as compared to work forces, because handling everybody equal in a state of affairs of inequality will non tip the balance towards more equality. We have to increase adult females s engagement in programmes and determination devising so as to give adult females a voice and the direction hearing ears, to guarantee that their involvements and positions are taken into history in development work.[ 10 ] No sum of advisors, gender mainstreaming schemes, and gender preparation workshops can convert staff to mainstream gender if accomplishing gender equality is non a clear end set out in their strategic program.[ 11 ]To implement the gender mainstreaming we have to modify our mission statement to conform to the overall company s cause and our gender equality and equity objective. A monitoring system should be put in topographic point to measure our success or failure in run intoing our aim within a clip scope and to come up with recommendations, suggestions and disciplinary actions. Within this clip, staff members should hold comprehended why gender mainstreaming is indispensable for the company every bit good as for all. Excellent managerial leading accomplishments are the corner rock of this procedure, in the first phases direction should hold a stopping point and critical oculus on how things are traveling and to respond immediately to any malfunction or break to the procedure. Men staff members should be empowered every bit good to understand that adult females s function in the company is indispensable and should work with their female co-workers based on this apprehension. The company s manus book should include policies that are gender sensitive and protect gender demands for all employees, for illustration our company, to the extent possible, should make its purchases from other companies and/or providers that enhance gender equality and equity ; by making so we encourage others to follow gender mainstreaming and utilize it as recommending to such a baronial cause. We can profit from Oxfam GB experience on how to advance staff consciousness to gender equality. Oxfam GB used different sorts of protagonism stuffs such as Cadmiums of larning stuffs ; electronic essay exchanges ; series of one-day seminars ; electronic arguments and treatments and other proposed agencies of larning were: a registry of local beginnings of gender preparation ; support for staff to go to preparation classs ; cusps with cardinal information about how to mainstream gender ; sharing a list of utile Internet links and bibliographies ; exchanges with academic staff ; coaction with doctorial pupils who wish to implement participative research.[ 12 ]Staff approached with these types of educational stuff will certainly be affected and by clip will be more gender sensitive if non advocators. Differentiate between formal and substantial equality Though we need to accomplish equality between adult females and work forces staff members, we should be careful non to fall in the trap of ignorance and non to distinguish between the formal or substantial equality when puting our policies to accomplish our gender mainstreaming end. As defined by United Nation Development Fund for Women ( hereafter UNIFEM ) , Formal equality is the signifier of equality that work forces and adult females are treated every bit and under the same set of criterions. This type of equality does nt take into history the unsimilarities between adult females and work forces, as the biological apparatus. For illustration, though we want to accomplish gender equality between all staff members, it is non possible to inquire adult females to work dark displacements because it is insecure and awkward for adult females to go entirely at dark ; on the contrary to what we aim, this sort of policy will widen the spread in gender equality and non bridge it. A protectionist policy should be introduced to back up adult females from being asked to make certain undertakings that may do them injury. However, the Substantive equality, UNIFEM farther explain, means that adult females and work forces should hold equal entree and equal benefits. We should look on how and why both sexes are treated otherwise and through a disciplinary attack set up policies and processs to forestall such favoritisms.[ 13 ] Possible jobs or limitations that might impede the procedure The female parent of all limitation would be the organisation s denial to accept presenting gender mainstreaming as built-in portion in its authorization and chorus from taking active processs in accomplishing gender equality. Staff members, as Whitbread ( 2004, p.42 ) argues, should be acquainted with the relevancy of gender mainstreaming to their work and the organisation s prosperity and how it helps in cut downing unneeded struggles between staff members.[ 14 ]We should be sensitive to other bing obstructions that will decelerate down or even forestall the company s accomplishment of gender mainstreaming. Hunt ( 2004, p.87 )[ 15 ]assures that Both adult females and work forces can non profit from this procedure if a deficiency in answerability to gender equality policy exists. Failure to prioritise gender equality aims in our programmes due to laden direction docket. Insufficient policy committednesss, inefficient direction tools and systems consequences in failure in gender mainstreaming execution and rating procedures. Missing the cognition and preparation about gender equality constructs and aims. Harmonizing to Howard ( 2002, p.169 ) , one of the major restraints is related to the absence of airing of gender information and sensitiveness to gender issues among our staff. Decision It for a great importance and benefit is the gender mainstreaming when introduced and go a dispensable portion of any organisation s policy. It develops staff members to handle and look at each other in a different oculus, an oculus that does non know apart between sexes or colour, expression at each other in a pure oculus. The bulk of staff work eight hours a twenty-four hours, five yearss a hebdomad, it is a batch of clip infinite the organisation can utilize to work on mending impaired outlooks and explicate them through educational Sessionss, educational stuffs and developing the importance of being gender oriented for them selves every bit good for the organisation and the environing people inside and outside the work topographic point. Without the direction committedness and sincere attempts to implement gender equity and equality this righteous aim will neglect to predominate, and we will still had to bear agony as a consequence of promoting favoritism between work forces and adult females between our forces. As pointed out in the debut, the demand to incorporate gender concerns into all facets of the organisation s precedences and processs and to do gender concerns the duty of all in an organisation. Women should be approached to manage duties the same as we do with work forces, work forces are non born holding superior accomplishments and but instead it was gained by pattern and experience, and we should supply adult females with chances to derive experience and so w could feel no difference between adult females and work forces. There is a demand for giving human resources, even on a portion clip footing, supported by sufficient fiscal resources to take this great human-centered cause on their shoulders manus by manus with all stakeholders to accomplish this baronial end. Gender human resource squad should hold the endowment and accomplishments to present this new babe policy to our staff and all, with the encouragement and support of the direction, have to assist in raising it. There are many obstructions and challenges that adult females need to get the better of until they reach to a point to be treated every bit with work forces, decidedly it would be really difficult and cumbrous and requires a batch of forfeit but Oklahoman or subsequently they will make their purpose because of one factor, justness. We have to back up their cause and promote the favoritism against them through leting and giving them the entree to resources and information as arms to contend the unfairness they are populating in for many old ages. There is no such rapture than the rapture of assisting others to populate in a peace and harmoniousness. Gender favoritism is non portion of our nature but instead created by the patriarchal system that we are populating in. Womans differ from work forces merely in he biological formation nil else and rationally this non a noteworthy footing for striping adult females from any right, was it right to instruction, right to self finding and look and right to be treated as human being. Who among us will non support his female parent s right to be self respected, or right to be treated in self-respect, who can state that Saint Mary the virgin is an ignoble human being.