Hydrogen bonds are extremely strong bonds which jo Essay Example For Students

Hydrogen bonds are extremely strong bonds which jo Essay in molecules of relatively small mass. This peculiarity creates the unique properties associated with substances with hydrogen bonding, especially in H20. In most compounds, the polarity of its elements has a negligible effect on the dipole forces which connect them. However, when hydrogen bonds to a small and highly electronegative atom, such as N, O, or F, the difference in electronegativity between the atoms causes the shared electrons to associate less with the hydrogen. Electrons, which normally orbit about both bonded atoms, are more attracted to the nucleus of the N, O, or F, than to the proton of the hydrogen atom. As a result, the hydrogen atom essentially loses its electron cloud and assumes the properties of a single proton. This allows it to pick up a pair of unshared electrons from another nearby atom of N, O, or F. Hydrogen bonding can only occur with the three mentioned atoms because their electronegativity is great enough to attract the hydrogen electron. More importa ntly, the small hydrogen atom and small atomic radii of the others allow the unshared electrons to come very close to the hydrogen atom. In larger atoms, as the unshared electrons attempted to bond with the hydrogen, they would be repelled by the electrons of the atom on the other side of the hydrogen.As a result of the disassociation of its electron and ability to bond with two very electronegative atoms, hydrogen bonds are one of the strongest dipole forces, (though not nearly as strong as covalent bonds). Because of the strong bonds, the boiling points of hydrogen-bonded substances are much higher than the expected boiling points determined through molar mass trends. More energy is needed to break a hydrogen bond, raising the heat of vaporization. In water, the hydrogen bond contributes to many of its unique properties. The high heat of vaporization causes water to be a in its liquid or solid state under most conditions. Since life on earth started in liquid water, it was essential for water to remain in this state for the majority of the water cycle. Because of this difficulty in breaking bonds connecting H20 molecules, water also has a very high specific heat, 4.184 J/g C . This allows water to not be affected by slight temperature fluctuations, and causes it to moderate the climate, cooling during the hot days, and warming the air during the cold night. It is for this reason that deserts experience such dramatic temperature extremes, and islands maintain a steady year-round climate. Also important, is the effect of hydrogen bonds on ice. When water freezes, the O atoms are bonded to four hydrogens: two covalent bonds and two hydrogen bonds to other H20 molecules. The covalent bonds are shorter than the hydrogen bond, causin g the molecules to bond in hexagonal crystals with empty space on the inside. This causes the peculiarity of water in which its frozen state is less dense than its solid state. Such a property makes lakes and rivers freeze from the top down, an important consideration in the evolution of life. When lakes froze, primordial organisms could still dwell on the floor, allowing them to survive through the winters.

Racism Essay Introduction Example For Students

Racism Essay Introduction I will donate a paper at another time. I just need to browse a few references for now. Thanks for your understanding. edje jdsio oemnd oejwep eoijd je jej ewyfc nc hdbef ernf rdiei hnrweor ee jej ejws ejdwn b rbv f r ruehu weihv erhdu cnsjd judsj hd je jid ke vcirm ekc oeoc keodk jej fj jj eopoerj eoje jueiwo iej eiwi uecb cblsj jd jfjreuc je jhepweioi iecndgr yed steewvavz uesu us wu du iurhe rhur eruiwer ehueh heusi ehwej ejwied ej weijfd rj erwi ewei ewji ewije ycrb eu abd dna adn dna dn adows iej ejei eiwje iej i ejiwej j e djie ei eiejr rjiwei je ej ei i reh urh hr u u oiwe eu eh e h hu hiu liu iuh iu huh re d tf ftf yi pu p uu y g yg yug. wueh ue ueud k rner eh ehhuw eowueh ehu eh w h t gth er r e we ew we ew udhr ruerh rhrfbrbf rrb ebweuee 3 3 ewehe r ew e ei vo poiig. hc h uiheuh cjie ej rie ehje ei we df rwei e we ew d rdhf eiwse ewe iow e weio ewe io sie ewoi ewi ewoi ewoie vnsj uehdn dusdh ehwhd eiowej ejioij ehwei ewio ewoi ew oi. dj ifjf idocj fnder rierv ru r wei i ih ft fgh hjgh g yyg uy g yg yg gy gy u gyug ygy ggyu g yg bjk klj l n bv nb vct dedtt t dft tfty t f tffty tyf fty rdiuhi kjh ih hu uoiy uoiu yui uyg ouiy yu ty uyt t uy tyu uyt tyu yut iuyt gy yt gu uyt guuyg. ijuih hg gyug vhu gyug uig uyg hui g uh yg u uih uh uihn buih n k ioj, uihun mk juh, uihn jk .

Theories of Philosophy on Animals

Introduction There have been different views on the place that non humans have in any acceptable moral system. The non humans usually lie on the borderline of human moral theories and principles. This means that sometimes they are regarded to have high moral standards and other times they are regarded to have low moral standards (Pluhar 67).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Philosophy on Animals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is diversity in moral views especially those directed towards animals. There are three broad categories of theories of philosophy on animals. These theories include the indirect theories, moral equality theories and the direct theories. The indirect theory is supported by Immanuel Kant and Descartes. The theory holds that animals cannot be accorded the same treatment and equal moral status as human beings because of lack of reason, consciousness and autonomy. Direct theori es have a contrasting opinion to the ones of the indirect theories. The direct theories hold that animals can be accorded some moral recognition even though they are not accorded full moral status because they lack a sense of rationality and self consciousness. The moral equality theories on the other hand hold that animals should have equal moral status as human beings because animals and human infants have similarities in their mental and physiological capacities (Pluhar 71). The main difference between the direct and the moral equality theory is that the moral equality theory acknowledges that human beings and animals both experience a sense of morality and consciousness and they have almost the same mental and psychological autonomy qualities. The direct theories on the other hand believe that animals have a sense of morality but they do not have any consciousness to execute the morality that they might be having. The theories of moral equality are supported by Tom Regan and Pet er Singer. These philosophers champion for equal moral status for both human beings and animals without any reservations such as the ones held by the direct theories Peter Singer: Equal consideration of interests principles Peter has been advocating for the rights of non humans. In his article â€Å"the place of non humans in environmental issues†, he discusses various environmental issues that affect non humans (Singer 55). Singer advocates for equal consideration of interests in both human beings and animals. He therefore disagrees with the arguments that animals should be afforded less moral status than human beings. He further mentions that environmental effects such as pollution and global warming affect both human beings and animals in the same way. He suggests that these issues should be addressed with the interests of non humans in place (Singer 57). Singer also adds that animals also have sentience and that they can feel pain and suffering and they also have similar nervous systems and therefore the interests of animals must be recognized and respected just as humans respect and recognize the interests of others because they have sentience and consciousness.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Singer believes that the utilitarian approach of maximum considerations should be applied to both humans and animals. He however has reservations about this theory. He believes that the equal considerations do not imply that humans and animals should be treated equally but rather their interests should be treated equally (Singer 57). Singer also believes that humans usually do away with he interest of animals so that they can satisfy theirs. They therefore do not consider the pain and suffering of animals as equal to that of humans. He gives an example of mass poisoning of pests. He explains that even though pests should be controlled, the process s hould be humane and considerations should be taken towards the interests of the animals. From singer’s perspective, animals can also suffer and therefore humans should accord them similar treatment as that of human beings. Singer calls this tendency speciesism Tom Regan and the animal rights In his article â€Å"animal rights: what is in a name† he argues that animals have rights just as human beings. He also supports the moral equality theory by attacking the indirect moral theory’s anthropocentric view which states that only humans have rights. He disagrees with the view that equal moral status should be accorded on utilitarian grounds only. He believes that the moral status should be based on rights rather than utilitarian concepts. Utilitarian concepts believes that an object only has rights when the society accepts the object and accepts that it should be accorded such rights. The utilitarian concepts hold that people with same qualities should be treated i n the same way as long as both people are accepted equally in the society. Regan’s arguments relies on the principle of inherent value. According to Regan, both humans and animals have the same values and hence they deserve equal rights (Regan 122). He believes that the inherent value of a human being means that it must be treated with respect. According to Regan, the only thing that confers marginal cases with moral rights similar to normal human beings is the subject of a life (Regan 125) Distinction between the two arguments Singer advocates that we should ensure equal considerations of the interests of humans and animals in our deliberations. Regan on the other hand focuses on the individual with the interests and not the interests themselves. Regan therefore believes that if the focus is on the interests only then immoral actions can be done on the utilitarian grounds. Regan therefore believes that if the focus is solely on rights and interests then when rights and inter ests of two parties are in conflict then the one person may be denied. Singer on the other hand believes that the level of suffering or pain that one party goes through will determine when the rights and interests of those parties should be overridden.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Philosophy on Animals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In brief Regan’s argument on the rights of animals revolves around the inherent value concept while singer argues for equal consideration of interests of human beings and animals. Regan therefore holds that human beings should not raise animals for the sake of eating them because this way they will be a means to our end and their rights will not have been exercised Regan versus Singer’s perspective I think that Singer supported his argument effectively especially when he said that animals also experience pain subjected to them by human beings and that h umans should consider them as equals and hence their interest should also be effectively considered. I believe that this argument is better than Regan’s argument that we should consider the animals as individuals and not totally focus on the interests. This is because animals and human beings cannot be considered to be totally the same because of their difference in anatomy and the lack of consciousness in animals. Singer’s argument is therefore better placed because all living things despite being humans or animals have rights and these rights should be respected and honored. Conclusion Moral theories recognize that animals have the same rights and interests as human beings. Singer therefore cements his argument on the principle of equal consideration of interests which states that animals and humans should be given equal rights and interest regarding the environment. Regan on the other hand heavily relies on the concept of inherent value and he argues that utilizing animals as a means to our ends is morally wrong because it denies them from enjoying their rights Works Cited Pluhar, Edgar. Beyond prejudice: the moral significance of human and non human animals. Durham: Duke University Press. 1995. Print Singer, Peterson. Not for humans only: the place of non humans in environmental issues. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. 2008. print This essay on Theories of Philosophy on Animals was written and submitted by user Cecilia Reyes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay Writing With an Outline and Two Sample Paragraphs

Essay Writing With an Outline and Two Sample ParagraphsWriting an essay outline and two sample paragraphs is a good way to test yourself. It will let you know where you are going with your writing. You can then work on getting your point across clearly without having to give so much of an outline. Many writers find that it is also easier to do this in the first draft.There are some things that you can learn from writing an essay outline and two sample paragraphs. There is also one or two tips that you should keep in mind when doing this exercise. The first tip is that you need to have a focus for your essay.If you have trouble finding a focus for your essay, then try to focus on something that will help you with your research. For example, if you were studying for an exam then you might think about studying for a more general topic. Maybe you would like to read some historical books. This would help to bring your attention to a particular topic.The second tip that you need to keep in mind is that you need to be flexible with your essays. When you write an outline for a specific period of time, your focus will probably not be as focused as you might like. You need to give yourself the freedom to rewrite your essay over again until you get it right. This is something that is quite hard to do if you only write one or two times.You can use this to your advantage by using a different method of writing for different overall research topics. That way you will have fresh ideas for different parts of your paper. This will give you more power when it comes to writing the paper and more confidence in yourself.The next tip that you should keep in mind is that a rough draft of your essay is necessary. Even if you plan to rewrite it, it still needs to be a rough draft. A rough draft is basically like a draft of the project that you would like to complete.This means that you need to write the outline with care. Even if you are rewriting it, you still need to use this outline. This will help you avoid a lot of trial and error. You might end up with some very interesting topics that you didn't plan for and you might end up having to go back and revise your material.The last tip that you need to keep in mind is that you need to review your outline often. This will help you stay on track with what you are trying to achieve. It will also allow you to refresh your memory and allow you to go back to any ideas that you have forgotten.

6 Reasons You Should Seriously Consider Becoming a Nurse Practitioner

6 Reasons You Should Seriously Consider Becoming a Nurse Practitioner Ever thought about becoming a nurse practitioner? Nurse practitioners  are a combination of both nursing and medical care. These practitioners are able to help patients one step further  than a registered nurse. A nurse practitioner  can prescribe medicine, look at patients, diagnose illnesses, and provide treatments, similar to a physician. Here are 6 advantages of becoming a nurse practitioner.  Source [Ohio University]

Organizational Health and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational Health and Safety - Essay Example Harris (2007) proposes preventive OHS strategies that can be used to provide to an employee-friendly environment in modern organizations. He proposes that the best strategy to control risk factors in the working environment is to institute mitigation measures as a pro-active action to guarantee employee safety, rather than compensate them while they risk their lives. In his view, this would include protective clothing for technical personnel, gas masks for individual working in environments with chemical gases and chemical treatment of gases before their release.The government in many states has instituted government policies to regulate pollution and the health and safety issues that arise within organizations as a strategy of protecting the community. In the UK, the British non-departmental civic body provided regulations to safeguard the health of the employees in their occupations.Other OHS activists have suggested an integrated strategy that includes risk mitigation and employee compensation to ensure a healthy working environment (Andonakis & Loosemore, 2006). Â   In conclusion, Organizational Health and Safety has become a major concern for the human resource management in most of the states. The changes in the working environment have resulted from the incentives of companies to integrate technology in every business aspect, hence bringing a whole new environment in the workplace. It has predisposed certain groups of employees to higher risks of suffering from injury or illnesses resulting from the environment they work in.... In the last 30 years, industrial revolution has become evident in most parts of the world including UK (Holmes & Gifford, 2002); most countries have engaged in industrial development as a strategy to develop their economic status by providing cost effective goods and providing employment for the majority of employees. The industries have attracted many employees in the diverse departments of the organization and the economic benefit that has resulted from this kind of trend cannot be undermined. However, this has brought a new challenge to the employees’ health and safety welfare due to the environmental impact of these industries. For instance, petroleum industries have become a great threat not only to the health of employees but to the world at large. The emissions associated with these companies contain a lot of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide and sulfur-dioxide which is known for their atmospheric pollution. This has become a demotivation for employees in this secto r and their withdrawal has had adverse effects on productivity of these companies. In brief, changes in the industrial sector has changed the working environment, exposing its employees to toxic gases that may are hazardous to their lives. Another change that has impacted on the health and safety issues in the work environment is the introduction of sophisticated technology in the workplace. The investment of many companies in the IT technology has been emphasized due to the technological demands of the dynamic market conditions. It is indisputable that introduction of this technology has come along with numerous merits in the transformation of service efficiency. With implementation of LAN technology it is possible for managers to

Determine the best deal between two different computers Essay

Determine the best deal between two different computers - Essay Example Dell has its own pros and is an amazing product, but when it comes to buying a computer, Mac takes the first place because when compared to Dell it has more pros. There are many things I have discovered in my research and would like to share them all with you. First and foremost, let us consider the software used for both the computers. Since minority uses Mac, therefore most software manufacturing companies find it prolific to manufacture software that can be used on personal computers like Dell, rather than those that are used on Mac. For this reason, we can find a whole range of software for personal computers like Dell but we do have the luxury to choose software for Mac as well. There are many specialized software for Mac as well. People who are in some way linked with media find Mac better than Personal computers like Dell. Mac offers great technical support for such people. (123helpme.com, 2011) Also, the factor regarding price comes, and people argue that Mac is more expensive than personal computers like Dell. In this case, people only talk about the initial costs incurred. If we consider the price that Microsoft charges if the software is being used on more than one personal computer. Mac does not have any charges for client access on a server. (123helpme.com, 2011) Plus, there is quite some difference between the usage of Mac and Dell. Some argue that Mac is not as easy as personal computers like Dell. However, this is just a myth. Mac is as easy for usage as Dell or any other personal computer. Furthermore, Windows can run on Mac easily but no personal computer can run Mac natively. Some even say and have observed that Mac is way faster than the rest of the personal computers. (Make use of, 2009) Also, on personal computers there is a massive threat of viruses. On the other hand, the Personal Computers are recommended to have antivirus installed in them. Yet, it still gets virus and gets